Table 3 Semen handling factors affecting boar semen quality
From: Boar management and semen handling factors affect the quality of boar extended semen
| Factor | Details | Effect of semen quality | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Collection | Latex gloves. | Toxic for the sperm | [76] |
| Preputial liquid into the collection container | Increases bacteriospermia | [68] | |
| Collection longer than 7 min, | Increases bacteriospermia | [68] | |
| Dilution | |||
| Temperature | Final dilution at 22 °C vs 30 °C (2-step dilution) | No differences in sperm motility, morphology or acrosome integrity after 3 days storage | [14] |
| Final dilution at 20 °C vs 32 °C (2-step dilution) | No differences on membrane integrity or responsiveness to capacitating conditions | [82] | |
| Final dilution at 21 °C vs 32 °C (2-step dilution) | Lower motility, increased membrane damage after 6 days storage | [80] | |
| Dilution rate | 0.5 × 109 sperm/80 ml vs 2.5 × 109/80 ml | Lower motility | [83] |
| Storage media | Short vs long | Lower motility after 4 days storage | [15]a |
| Magnetized extender | Improve membrane integrity | [88] | |
| Antibiotics | Prevent bacterial overgrowth | [92] | |
| Packaging | Bags vs tubes. | Need less time to reach 17 °C | [96] |
| Some plastic compounds | Toxic for sperm | [97] | |
| Storage | |||
| Temperature | < 12 °C | Reduced sperm motility and vitality | [78] |
| Duration | > 4 days | Reduced motility and fertility | [15, 86] |
| Air contact | Air contact during storage | Increase in pH, reduced sperm motility | [101] |
| Turning doses | 180° rotation/12 h or five 360° rotations/h vs. non-rotated tubes, using | Increase in pH, reduced sperm motility | [102] |